Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological condition that affects the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. MS is considered an autoimmune disorder, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering of nerve fibres known as myelin.
Myelin helps electrical signals travel efficiently between the brain, spinal cord and the rest of the body. In multiple sclerosis, damage to myelin can create areas of scarring known as sclerosis, plaques or lesions. This damage can interfere with normal nerve signalling and lead to a wide range of neurological symptoms.
The effects of MS can vary significantly between individuals. Some people may experience relatively mild symptoms, while others may develop more substantial difficulties with movement, vision, sensation, coordination or other neurological functions.
Early Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis
Possible early symptoms may include:
- Blurred or double vision
- Changes in colour vision
- Optic neuritis, which can cause eye pain and reduced vision
- Difficulty walking
- Numbness, tingling or “pins and needles”
- Other abnormal sensations
Other Symptoms of MS
As the condition progresses, symptoms may include:
- Muscle weakness in the arms or legs
- Difficulty with coordination and balance
- Problems with walking or standing
- Muscle stiffness and spasms
- Fatigue
- Reduced or altered sensation
- Speech difficulties
- Tremor
- Dizziness
- Hearing changes
- Bowel or bladder problems
- Changes in mood
- Changes in sexual function
Symptoms can vary in severity and duration and may occur in different combinations depending on which areas of the central nervous system are affected.